Annamalai University

Everything you need to know about Annamalai University: news, reviews, in-depth analysis, opinion and more

Everything you need to know about Annamalai University: news, reviews, in-depth analysis, opinion and more

Now, battery made out of wood

June 20, 2013 at 10:20 AM

Washington, June 20 (ANI): A team of researchers have made a tiny, long-lasting, environmentally friendly battery made of sliver of wood coated with tin.

Clapping is a contagious chain reaction

June 19, 2013 at 5:56 PM

London, June 19 (IANS) The amount of applause an audience gives after a performance is a "contagious" chain reaction where people are influenced by one another, and do not depend on the quality of the performance, a Swedish study has found.

New Twitter account casts Taylor Swift as feminist

June 19, 2013 at 5:40 PM

London, June 19(ANI): A new Twitter account that re-imagines Taylor Swift as a feminist has amassed 80,000 followers in six days

3D-printed tiny batteries developed

June 19, 2013 at 12:44 PM

Washington, June 19 (IANS) US researchers announced they have successfully used the three-dimensional (3D) printing technique to print lithium-ion microbatteries the size of a grain of sand.

Length of applause doesn't reflect excellence of performance

June 19, 2013 at 11:32 AM

Washington, June 19 (ANI): Scientists have found that clapping is contagious, and applause length is influenced by the behaviour of members of the crowd.

Potential 'genetic driver' behind male heart disease identified

June 19, 2013 at 11:17 AM

Washington, June 19 (ANI): University of Leicester scientists have discovered a potential genetic contributor to the increased risk of heart disease among men.

Barbra Streisand criticizes women's discriminatory treatment in Israel

June 18, 2013 at 4:20 PM

Washington, June 18 (ANI): Barbra Streisand has spoken about the Jewish religious practices that separate men and women.

Exposure to chemical in plastic may increase risk of prostate cancer

June 18, 2013 at 12:52 PM

Washington, June 18 (ANI): Exposing developing tissue to low levels of the plastic bisphenol A (BPA) is associated to a greater incidence of prostate cancer in tissue grown from human prostate stem cells.

Prenatal exposure to chemical in plastic could lead to obesity

June 18, 2013 at 12:12 PM

Washington, June 18 (ANI): Foetal exposure to common environmental chemical bisphenol A (BPA) causes increased inflammation in fat tissues after birth, which can lead to obesity and metabolic syndrome, a new research has suggested.

Testosterone boosts postmenopausal women's memory

June 18, 2013 at 12:12 PM

Washington, June 18 (ANI): Postmenopausal women's verbal learning and memory improved after they were treated with testosterone gel, a new study has found.

Cyberbullying puts teens at risk of depression, substance abuse

June 17, 2013 at 4:04 PM

Washington, June 17 (ANI): Teenage victims of cyberbullying are more likely to develop symptoms of depression, substance abuse and internet addiction, a new study has revealed.

Parents' physical activity unlikely to influence teen fitness

June 17, 2013 at 10:44 AM

Melbourne, June 17 (ANI): A new study has found that while teens with normal weight parents tended to be more fit, having physically active parents didn't affect teens' level of fitness.

Maths can help kill cancer cells

June 15, 2013 at 12:20 PM

Washington, June 15(ANI): Advanced mathematical modelling can be used in the fight against cancer, a new research has revealed.

Plankton DNA sequencing uncovers secrets of white cliffs of Dover

June 14, 2013 at 11:49 AM

Washington, June 14 (ANI): Researchers in a major international project have sequenced the genome of Emiliania huxleyi, the microscopic plankton species whose chalky skeletons form the iconic white cliffs of Dover.

Distribution of dark matter in 50 galaxy clusters measured

June 13, 2013 at 6:04 PM

Washington, June 13 (ANI): A team of astronomers from Taiwan, England, and Japan have used the Subaru Telescope to measure the distribution of dark matter in fifty galaxy clusters and found that its density gradually decreases from the center of these cosmic giants to their diffuse outskirts.

Twitter account 'Kuboobs' facing legal threat from Kansas University

June 13, 2013 at 4:37 PM

Wellington, June 13 (ANI): Kansas University is reportedly threatening to close a twitter account that is entirely dedicated to pictures of women showing off their bosoms while donning the university's tops.

Vitamin C may help alleviate exercise-induced bronchoconstriction

June 13, 2013 at 3:16 PM

Washington, June 13 (ANI): Taking Vitamin C may substantially reduce bronchoconstriction caused by exercise, suggested a researcher from the University of Helsinki, Finland.

Harry Potter-like invisibility cloak makes animals disappear

June 12, 2013 at 4:36 PM

London, June 12 (ANI): Scientists have created an invisibility cloak just like the one depicted in the 'Harry Potter' movies.

Why older people are prone to developing joint disorders

June 12, 2013 at 3:40 PM

Washington, June 12 (ANI): A new study has revealed that scheduled exercise, regular meals and the periodic warming and cooling of joints could relieve the symptoms of osteoarthritis in older people.

Staying stress free 'key to looking young'

June 12, 2013 at 11:56 AM

London, June 12 (ANI): Scientists from NYU have revealed that stress is the real culprit behind grey hairs.

Depiction of smoking in Asian cinema causing alarm

June 12, 2013 at 11:56 AM

Washington, June 12 (ANI): While the war against smoking in Hollywood movies has been largely won, Asian cinema represents the next major battleground for anti-smoking and anti-cancer groups.

25pc men under 40 seeking treatment for erectile dysfunction

June 12, 2013 at 10:28 AM

Washington, June 12 (ANI): A new study has found that one in four men seeking medical help for newly-developed erectile dysfunction (ED) was younger than 40 years, and nearly half of young men with the condition had severe ED.

Australia to deliver fund for new dementia research

June 11, 2013 at 6:52 PM

Canberra, June 11 (IANS) Australia will deliver funds for new dementia research on the impact of Vitamin B12 levels, Minister for Health Tanya Plibersek and Minister for Mental Health and Ageing Mark Butler said Tuesday.

Aussies too being snooped on by government just like Americans

June 11, 2013 at 4:20 PM

Sydney, June 11(ANI): Another name adding to global controversy of secret surveillance is the Australian intelligence services, which is believed to be using the same method of data collection without legal process like the Prism programme.

New, simple theory may explain mysterious dark matter

June 11, 2013 at 2:36 PM

Washington, June 11 (ANI): One theory suggests that most of the matter in the universe may be made out of particles that possess an unusual, donut-shaped electromagnetic field called an anapole.

Risk factors for suicide revealed

June 11, 2013 at 2:36 PM

Washington, June 11 (ANI): A collaborative study between Lund University in Sweden and Stanford University has revealed that the rate of suicide among men is almost three times that of women.

'Artificial pancreas' set to transform diabetes treatment

June 10, 2013 at 3:40 PM

London, June 10 (ANI): Researchers have tested an artificial pancreas that could one day improve lives of millions of people suffering from diabetes in a home environment for the first time.

Eager to lose weight! Get 'painful' miracle tongue patch

June 10, 2013 at 11:48 AM

Sydney, June 10 (ANI): A doctor has created a "miracle patch," which is sewn into the tongue and is apparently so painful that it makes eat solid food almost impossible.

How brain forms long-term memories

June 10, 2013 at 10:52 AM

Washington, June 10 (ANI): Scientists at the Gladstone Institutes have uncovered how a protein called Arc regulates the activity of neurons-providing much-needed clues into the brain's ability to form long-lasting memories.

Food ads linked to eating more junk food

June 8, 2013 at 6:17 PM

Los Angeles, June 8 (IANS) Watching food advertisements by parents leads to greater consumption of junk food by their children, as the kids often have distorted views on what constitutes a healthy meal, researchers have found.

Why animals prefer to be with their kin?

June 8, 2013 at 5:13 PM

Washington, June 8 (ANI): How many animals are able to discriminate between related and unrelated individuals has proven remarkably difficult to understand.

Obama orders for list of potential overseas targets for US cyber attacks

June 8, 2013 at 4:57 PM

London, June 8 (ANI): US President Barack Obama has ordered his top intelligence and national security officials to generate a list of potential overseas targets for cyber attacks which could offer US capabilities to advance its objectives around the world.

Evidence of drinkable water found on Mars

June 8, 2013 at 11:45 AM

London, June 8 (ANI): NASA scientists have revealed that the Opportunity rover has made new discoveries about early water on Mars which may have been drinkable.

British cyclists begin 3,000-mile journey across Sahara to deliver 'bottle of water'

June 8, 2013 at 11:45 AM

London, June 8 (ANI): Two British cyclists have set off yesterday for a 3,000 mile journey across the Sahara Desert to hand over a 1.89 pound bottle of water.

Conservatives more likely than liberals to identify mixed-race individuals as Black: Study

June 7, 2013 at 2:25 PM

Washington, June 7 (ANI): Conservatives are more likely than liberals to identify mixed-race individuals as Black, according to a series of new studies.

Heavy TV viewing linked to more junk food intake in kids

June 7, 2013 at 1:21 PM

Washington, June 07 (ANI): Commercial TV viewing in the home was found to be related to greater junk food consumption among children, according to a recent study by researchers at the University of Michigan.

It's official! Breastfeeding benefits baby's brain

June 7, 2013 at 11:45 AM

Washington, June 7 (ANI): A new study has found more evidence that breastfeeding is good for the baby's brain.

25pc men under 40 suffer from newly-diagnosed erectile dysfunction

June 7, 2013 at 11:45 AM

Washington, June 7 (ANI): A new study has found that one in four men seeking medical help for newly-developed erectile dysfunction (ED) was younger than 40 years, and nearly half of young men with the condition had severe ED.

Direct link between E-mails and office stress: Loughborough Study

June 6, 2013 at 6:25 PM

London, June 6 (ANI): A unique study by Loughborough University (UK) has found a direct link between workplace stress and email use. The research by Professor Tom Jackson, Dr Gillian Ragsdell, and Laura Marulanda-Carter explored the physiological and psychological impact of email on employees.

Feeling happy or sad alters oral perceptions of fat in mildly depressed individuals

June 6, 2013 at 5:21 PM

Washington, June 6 (ANI): People with mild, subclinical depression rate the taste of high-fat and low-fat foods similarly when in a positive or negative mood, according to a new research.

Invisibility time cloak can hide events from past using stream of light

June 6, 2013 at 4:57 PM

London, June 6 (ANI): Scientists have developed an "invisibility" time cloak which is able to hide events in a continuous stream of light.

Michelle Obama's cancellation of China trip may be interpreted as 'snub' to first lady

June 6, 2013 at 4:01 PM

London, June 6 (ANI): US President Barack Obama will fly alone for a meeting with Chinese President Xi Jinping this weekend, after Michelle Obama backed out of the trip, preferring to remain in Washington, rather than meet China's first lady.

Feeling angry, try talking!

June 6, 2013 at 2:33 PM

Washington, June 6 (ANI): A new study has found that the act of describing a feeling such as anger may have a significant impact on the body's physiological response to the situation that elicits the emotion.

Why forbidden fruit is hard to resist

June 6, 2013 at 2:09 PM

Washington, June 6 (ANI): A new study from the University of British Columbia has shed light on how people become obsessed with forbidden pleasures.

Stress, anxiety increases belief in science

June 6, 2013 at 12:25 PM

Washington, June 6 (ANI): Oxford University psychologists suggest that a faith in the explanatory and revealing power of science increases in the face of stress or anxiety.

20-minute yoga session could boost brain function immediately

June 6, 2013 at 11:51 AM

A recent study headed by an Indian researcher has revealed that a 20-minute session of Hatha yoga can stimulate the speed and accuracy significantly on tests of working memory and inhibitory control, two measures of brain function related with the ability to maintain focus and take in, retain and use new information.

Babies in womb practice frowning to prepare for pain after birth

June 6, 2013 at 11:21 AM

London, June 6 (ANI): A new study by researchers at Durham and Lancaster University has revealed that babies practice frowning in the womb so that they can show when they are unhappy after birth.

120,000-year-old Neandertal rib shows sign of present day bone tumor

June 6, 2013 at 10:50 AM

Washington, June 4 (ANI): The first case of a bone tumor of the ribs in a Neanderthal specimen reveals that at least one Neanderthal suffered a cancer that is common in modern-day humans, according to a new research.

20-minute yoga session can stimulate brain function immediately

June 6, 2013 at 10:17 AM

Washington, June 6 (ANI): A study led by an Indian researcher has found that a single, 20-minute session of Hatha yoga significantly improves speed and accuracy on tests of working memory and inhibitory control, two measures of brain function associated with the ability to maintain focus and take in, retain and use new information.

Obese women may pass health risks on to grandkids

June 6, 2013 at 9:45 AM

Washington, June 6 (ANI): Researchers have found that the offspring of obese mothers may be spared health problems linked to obesity, while their own children then inherit them.

Alzheimer's drugs may reduce risk of heart attacks

June 5, 2013 at 3:23 PM

Washington, June 5 (ANI): Drugs commonly used to treat Alzheimer's disease may have another benefit: preventing heart attacks and premature death, a new study has suggested.

What causes fear?

June 5, 2013 at 2:09 PM

Washington, June 5 (ANI): A new study has investigated what instills fear in human beings.

Life-producing phosphorus carried to Earth by meteorites

June 5, 2013 at 11:13 AM

Washington, June 5 (ANI): A team of scientists has finally solved a 3.5 billion-year-old mystery showing that phosphorus - key element that produced life on Earth- was carried to Earth on meteorites.

Women can recall faces better than men

June 5, 2013 at 11:13 AM

Washington, June 5 (ANI): A new research from McMaster University has suggested women can remember faces better than men, in part because they spend more time studying features without even knowing it.

Study of dwarf star may hold clues of life on other planets

June 4, 2013 at 2:41 PM

Washington, June 4 (ANI): A highly unusual dwarf star and its powerful flares, is being studied, which may hold clues to the likelihood of life on other planets as well as to the behavior of our Sun.

Workers exposed to daylight have better quality of life

June 4, 2013 at 12:57 PM

Washington, June 4 (ANI): A new study has demonstrated a strong relationship between workplace daylight exposure and office workers' sleep, activity and quality of life.

Vegetarian diets linked to lower death risk

June 4, 2013 at 10:01 AM

Washington, June 4 (ANI): Vegetarian diets have been linked with reductions in risk for several chronic diseases, including hypertension, but a new study has claimed that they are also associated with reduced death rates.

Taking breast cancer drug tamoxifen for 10 years instead of 5 halves risk of dying

June 3, 2013 at 2:01 PM

London, June 3 (ANI): A new study has shown that death rates from breast cancer can be slashed further by extending drug therapy for longer.

25 percent emissions cut makes economic sense: WWF

June 3, 2013 at 1:29 PM

Sydney, June 3 (IANS) The Australia WWF Monday released an economic study proposing that Australia could increase its emissions reduction target from 5 to 25 percent by 2020 via the carbon price at very little cost to the economy.

Big brothers and sisters in social spider species share prey with younger siblings

June 3, 2013 at 12:01 PM

Washington, June 3 (ANI): Cornell University researchers studying Australian social huntsman spiders have discovered that younger siblings thrive when raised in nests with older siblings.

How to protect your kids' eyes from too much sun exposure

June 3, 2013 at 11:29 AM

Washington, June 3 (ANI): Before sending their kids outside to play most parents covered them with sunscreen to protect their skin from too much of the sun's UVA and UVB rays.

Narayana Murthy's son to join Infosys as his assistant

June 1, 2013 at 7:05 PM

Bangalore, June 1 (IANS) Rohan Murty, son of Infosys co-founder and re-appointed executive chairman N.R. Narayana Murthy, will join the company as an executive assistant to his father, the company announced here Saturday.

Native Ohioans' speaking patterns help decipher Armstrong's famous moon landing quote

June 1, 2013 at 1:46 PM

Washington, June 1 (ANI): Neil Armstrong claimed he said, "One small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind" when he took his first step on the Moon - but many listeners think he left out the "a."

Twitter 'most popular' network for vaccine-related information: study

May 31, 2013 at 4:33 PM

Washington, May 31 (ANI): Twitter is the most popular and reliable source for receiving and sharing new information about vaccines, a recent study has revealed.

Oprah Winfrey receives honorary 'Harvard Degree'

May 31, 2013 at 4:10 PM

Washington, May 31 (ANI): Oprah Winfrey received a Doctor of Laws degree from America's prestigious Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on Thursday.

People who are likelier to use cellphones while driving revealed

May 30, 2013 at 3:13 PM

Washington, May 30 (ANI): A University of Alberta sociology researcher has revealed the demographic profile of people who are most likely to use cellphones behind the wheel.

Pigeons learn to use touch screens to solve challenging problems

May 30, 2013 at 3:13 PM

Washington, May 30 (ANI): A new research by psychologists at the University of Iowa has suggested that pigeons are capable of making highly intelligent choices, sometimes with problem-solving skills to match.

Women less charitable than men

May 29, 2013 at 4:20 PM

Washington, May 29 (ANI): Women are more likely than men to opt out of giving a charitable donation, a group of economists including an Indian-origin student have found.

Childhood bullying increases tendency to self-harm during adolescence

May 29, 2013 at 3:00 PM

Washington, May 29 (ANI): Children who are bullied are likelier to self-harm in late adolescence, according to a new study.

'Rate Your Shag' Facebook pages spark uproar

May 29, 2013 at 11:49 AM

London, May 29 (ANI): Facebook pages that encourage students to rate the performance of their partners in bed have been slammed by University campuses.

Baby heart disease gene found

May 27, 2013 at 12:20 PM

London, May 27 (ANI): Newcastle University researchers have discovered a gene that is associated with a form of congenital heart disease found in newborns.

Ethicists do not behave more morally than nonethicists

May 27, 2013 at 10:58 AM

Washington, May 27 (ANI): Ethics professors do not engage in better moral behavior than other professors, and they are also no more likely than nonethicists to act according to values they espouse, according to researchers from the University of California, Riverside and Stetson University in Florida.

Adults can learn just like kids

May 25, 2013 at 3:42 PM

London, May 25 (IANS) The old saying that you can't teach an old dog new tricks may not hold true for everyone. As more and more research has suggested, we never lose the ability to learn like a child.

H7N9 flu virus transmitted through close contact, coughing

May 24, 2013 at 3:10 PM

Washington, May 24 (ANI): Scientists have proved that the H7N9 influenza virus is efficiently transmitted when animals are in close contact-defined in the study as touching, coughing and the exchange of bodily fluids.

Depression symptoms of Huntington's disease prevented in mice

May 24, 2013 at 10:54 AM

Washington, May 24 (ANI): Lund University researchers have succeeded in preventing very early symptoms of Huntington's disease, depression and anxiety, by deactivating the mutated huntingtin protein in the brains of mice.

People who are anxious perform poorly at job interviews

May 24, 2013 at 10:06 AM

Washington, May 24 (ANI): Are you nervous about job interview? You might want to take steps to reduce your jitters, especially if you are a man.

Kids of married parents less likely to be obese

May 23, 2013 at 4:22 PM

Washington, May 23 (ANI): Children living in households where the parents are married are less likely to become obese than their peers who live with divorced or separated parents, according to new research from Rice University and the University of Houston.

President Mukherjee to visit Himachal today

May 23, 2013 at 10:14 AM

New Delhi, May 23 (ANI): President Pranab Mukherjee will undertake a three-day visit to Himachal Pradesh from today.

Elite athletes believe drugs improve performance: Study

May 22, 2013 at 5:02 PM

Madrid, May 22 (ANI): A majority of elite athletes use drugs to achieve athletic success, improve performance or alternatively for financial gain, a new research has revealed.

Mukherjee to visit Himachal Pradesh tomorrow

May 22, 2013 at 3:42 PM

New Delhi, May 22 (ANI): President Pranab Mukherjee will undertake a three-day visit to Himachal Pradesh from May 23 to 25.

Kids who breathe second-hand smoke likelier to be aggressive adults

May 22, 2013 at 3:10 PM

Washington, May 22 (ANI): Children exposed to secondhand smoke in early childhood are more likely to become physically aggressive and antisocial as adults, according to a new study.

Common food supplement made from beef, oysters fights degenerative brain disorders

May 22, 2013 at 12:30 PM

Washington, May 22 (ANI): Phosphatidylserine - a natural food supplement produced from beef, oysters, and soy - improves the functioning of genes involved in degenerative brain disorders, including Parkinson's disease and Familial Dysautonomia (FD).

Potential brain 'switch' responsible for our behavioural change identified

May 22, 2013 at 11:50 AM

Washington, May 22 (ANI): A new study by investigators at the University of Michigan and Eli Lilly may reveal the "switch" that helps our brains to make the shift from current behaviours to new ones.

Video games with human-like opponents provoke aggression

May 21, 2013 at 2:38 PM

Washington, May 21 (ANI): Video games that pit players against human-looking characters may be more likely to provoke violent thoughts and words than games where monstrous creatures are the enemy, a new study has found

Blind people use echo technique to locate objects just like bats

May 21, 2013 at 2:38 PM

Washington, May 21 (ANI): Researchers from the University of Southampton have shown that blind and visually impaired people have the potential to use echolocation, similar to that used by bats and dolphins, to determine the location of an object.

Russia announces cash prizes for World University medallists

May 21, 2013 at 1:58 PM

Moscow, May 21 (IANS/RIA Novosti) Russia's federal government will pay out roughly $5,400 to Russian gold medallists at this summer's University Games in the Russian city of Kazan, according to a decree signed Tuesday by Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev.

Practice not enough to become perfect

May 21, 2013 at 11:18 AM

Washington, May 21 (ANI): The old "practice makes perfect" adage may be overblown, a new study has argued.

More time in gym class lowers obesity risk in kids

May 21, 2013 at 11:18 AM

Washington, May 21 (ANI): Increasing the amount of time that elementary schoolchildren spent in gym class reduces the probability of obesity, a new study from Cornell University has found.

Foreigners to outnumber Brits in London by 2031

May 20, 2013 at 4:06 PM

London, May 20 (ANI): Foreigners residing in London are set to outnumber Brits within 20 years, a new study has revealed.

New needleless acupuncture therapy reduces diabetics' indigestion symptoms

May 19, 2013 at 2:14 PM

Washington, May 19 (ANI): A study from Texas Tech University, El Paso, and the University of Mississippi, Oxford, holds promising results for diabetic patients suffering from indigestion symptoms like nausea, vomiting, bloating and heartburn.

Put baby on back to sleep and on stomach to play

May 19, 2013 at 10:06 AM

Washington, May 19 (ANI): A pediatrician has said that if infants don't spend time on their stomach, it will be much harder for them to push on their arms, which will not only delay rolling over but may also flatten the back portion of their skull.

Alcoholics who smoke may show 'early ageing' of brain

May 18, 2013 at 12:06 PM

Washington, May 18 (ANI): Heavy drinkers who smoke have more problems with their memory, ability to think quickly and efficiently, and problem-solving skills, a study has suggested.

Countries with high level of corruption fail to attract skilled workers

May 18, 2013 at 11:42 AM

Berlin, May 18 (ANI): Countries that have higher levels of corruption struggle to attract and retain skilled workers, the authors of a new study published in EMBO have reported.

Now, a pizza that provides all essential nutrients

May 17, 2013 at 4:14 PM

Washington, May 17 (ANI): A professor from Scotland has created a pizza that offers the correct balance of all the nutrients required through the day.

New method proposed to fill missing piece of Einstein's theory

May 17, 2013 at 11:02 AM

Washington, May 17 (ANI): A new device proposed by scientists at the University of Nevada, Reno and Stanford University that would detect elusive gravity waves from the other end of the cosmos, may open a new window into the nature of the universe.

White veggies also essential to healthy diet

May 16, 2013 at 2:46 PM

Washington, May 16 (ANI): Colorful vegetables are often promoted as top nutrient sources, but leading nutrition scientists have revealed that potatoes and other white vegetables are just as important to a healthy diet as their colorful cousins in the produce aisle.

Mars bombarded by over 200 space rocks per year: NASA

May 16, 2013 at 1:02 PM

Washington, May 16 (IANS) Scientists have estimated that Mars is bombarded by more than 200 small asteroids or bits of comets per year forming craters at least 3.9 meters across, US space agency NASA said.

Origin of our hips much simpler than thought

May 15, 2013 at 3:10 PM

Washington, May 15 (ANI): The evolution of the complex, weight-bearing hips of walking animals from the basic hips of fish was a much simpler process than previously thought, according to a new research.

Spread innovations, president says

May 15, 2013 at 2:14 PM

Lumani (Nagaland), May 15 (IANS) President Pranab Mukherjee Wednesday called upon students and teachers in Nagaland to spread innovations.

Listening to upbeat music may really help boost your mood

May 15, 2013 at 12:30 PM

Washington, May 15 (ANI): A recent research at the University of Missouri has discovered that an individual can indeed successfully try to be happier, especially when cheery music aids the process.