Origami paper sensor `could test for malaria and HIV` for less than 10 cents

Washington, Mar 9 (ANI): Inspired by the Japanese paper-folding art of origami, chemists have developed a 3-D paper sensor that may be able to test for diseases such as malaria and HIV for less than 10 cents a pop.

Such low-cost, "point-of-care" sensors could be incredibly useful in the developing world, where the resources often don't exist to pay for lab-based tests, and where, even if the money is available, the infrastructure often doesn't exist to transport biological samples to the lab.

"This is about medicine for everybody," Richard Crooks, the Robert A. Welch Professor of Chemistry, said.

One-dimensional paper sensors, such as those used in pregnancy tests, are already common but have limitations. The folded, 3-D sensors, developed by Crooks and doctoral student Hong Liu, can test for more substances in a smaller surface area and provide results for more complex tests.

"Anybody can fold them up.

"You don't need a specialist, so you could easily imagine an NGO with some volunteers folding these things up and passing them out. They're easy to produce as well, so the production could be shifted to the clientele as well. They don't need to be made in the developed world," Crooks said.

The inspiration for the sensor came when Liu read a pioneering paper by Harvard University chemist George Whitesides.

Whitesides was the first to build a three-dimensional "microfluidic" paper sensor that could test for biological targets. His sensor, however, was expensive and time-consuming to make, and was constructed in a way that limited its uses.

"They had to pattern several pieces of paper using photolithography, cut them with lasers, and then tape them together with two-sided tape," Liu said.

"When I read the paper, I remembered when I was a child growing up in China, and our teacher taught us origami. I realized it didn't have to be so difficult. It can be very easy. Just fold the paper, and then apply pressure," Liu said.

Within a few weeks of experiments, Liu had fabricated the sensor on one simple sheet using photolithography or simply an office printer they have in the lab. Folding it over into multiple layers takes less than a minute and requires no tools or special alignment techniques. Just fingers.

According to Crooks, the principles underlying the sensor, which they've successfully tested on glucose and a common protein, are related to the home pregnancy test.

A hydrophobic material, such as wax or photoresist, is laid down into tiny canyons on chromatography paper. It channels the sample that's being tested - urine, blood, or saliva, for instance - to spots on the paper where test reagents have been embedded.

If the sample has whatever targets the sensor is designed to detect, it'll react in an easily detectable manner. It might turn a specific colour, for instance, or fluoresce under a UV light. Then it can be read by eye.

"Biomarkers for all kinds of diseases already exist," Crooks said.

"Basically you spot-test reagents for these markers on these paper fluidics. They're entrapped there. Then you introduce your sample. At the end you unfold this piece of paper, and if it's one colour, you've got a problem, and if not, then you're probably OK," he said.

The study has been published in Analytical Chemistry. (ANI)