Washington, September 9 (ANI): A University of Colorado at Boulder team working at 16,400 feet in the Peruvian Andes has discovered how barren soils uncovered by retreating glacier ice can swiftly establish a thriving community of microbes, setting the table for lichens, mosses and alpine plants.
The discovery is the first to reveal how microbial life becomes established and flourishes in one of the most extreme environments on Earth and has implications for how life may have once flourished on Mars, according to Professor Steve Schmidt of CU-Boulder's ecology and evolutionary biology department.
The study also provides new insights into how microorganisms are adapting to global warming in cold ecosystems on Earth.
The CU-Boulder team conducted their research from 2000 to 2005 on the Puca Glacier in Peru - which is receding uphill about 60 feet a year - by collecting samples and measuring soil chemistry and strength.
The researchers found that three species of a photosynthetic microbe known as cyanobacteria colonized the soil within the first year, either by dropping in from tiny pockets of dirt wedged in the receding glacier or blowing in as spores.
"Just three years later there were 20 different species of bacteria, growing by snatching gaseous forms of carbon and nitrogen from the atmosphere," Schmidt said.
"The most startling finding was how much the diversity increased in just four years in what was seemingly barren soil," he added.
Another unexpected finding on the Puca Glacier was how microbes stabilized the soil and prevented erosion on the slope by using their filament-like structure to weave soil particles together in a matrix, Schmidt said.
The CU-Boulder researchers also found the microbes excrete a glue-like sugar compound to further bond soil particles.
In addition, they discovered that nitrogen fixation rates - the process in which nitrogen gas is converted by bacteria into compounds in the soil like ammonia and nitrate - increased by about 100-fold in the first five years.
"Overall, our results indicate that photosynthetic and nitrogen-fixing bacteria play important roles in acquiring nutrients and facilitating ecological succession in soils near some of the highest-elevation receding glaciers on Earth," the researchers said.
"This kind of research should help us understand how the cold regions of Earth function, and how the biosphere will respond to future climate change," said Schmidt.
The research also could lead to the discovery of new antibiotics, as well as industrial enzymes that function at cold temperatures and could be used to drive chemical reactions normally requiring large amounts of heat, he added. (ANI)
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